Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfesio L.F. Braga ◽  
Paulo H.N. Saldiva ◽  
Luiz A.A. Pereira ◽  
Joaquim J.C. Menezes ◽  
Gleice M.S. Conceição ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

scholarly journals Morbidity costs associated with ambient air pollution exposure in Sao Paulo, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Arigoni Ortiz ◽  
Alistair Hunt ◽  
Ronaldo Seroa da Motta ◽  
Vivian MacKnight
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zielinska ◽  
Hamulka
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have confirmed that breastmilk’s protective effects outweigh its potential health risk to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission of pollutants.

The avoidable health effects of air pollution in three Latin American cities: Santiago, São Paulo, and Mexico City

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Bell ◽  
Devra L. Davis ◽  
Nelson Gouveia ◽  
Víctor H. Borja-Aburto ◽  
Luis A. Cifuentes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
American Cities

Human exposure to outdoor air pollution (IUPAC Technical Report)

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Hertel ◽  
Frank A. A. M. De Leeuw ◽  
Steen Solvang Jensen ◽  
David Gee ◽  
Olf Herbarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Categorical Classification ◽  
Pollution Exposure

_Human exposure to outdoor air pollution is believed to cause severe health effects, especially in urban areas where pollution levels often are high, because of the poor dispersion conditions and high density of pollution sources. Many factors influence human health, and a good assessment of human air pollution exposure is, therefore, crucial for a proper determination of possible links between air pollution and health effects. Assessment of human exposure is, however, not straightforward, and this is the background for the present paper, which recommends how to carry out such assessments. Assessment of human exposure to air pollution may be carried out by use of:categorical classification, application of biomarkers, analysis of air pollution data from routine monitoring networks, personal portable exposure monitors, or application of mathematical air pollution exposure models. The categorical classification is a crude indirect method based on indicators of exposure such as type of residence, type of job, presence of indoor sources, etc. Categorical classification is generally inadequate for application in air pollution epidemiology. Biomarkers can be a strong instrument in assessment of health effects and provide information about air pollution exposure and dose. Use of biomarkers is, therefore, particularly useful when applied in combination with exposure assessment through one of the methods 3 to 5. The main focus of this paper is on these three methods for determination of human air pollution exposure. The optimal solution is clearly a combination of methods 2 to 5, but the available resources often set a limit to how far the assessment is carried out, and the choice of strategy will, therefore, often be very important for the outcome of the final study. This paper describes how these approaches may be applied and outlines advantages and disadvantages of the approaches used individually and in combination. Furthermore, some examples of specific applications in Denmark and the Netherlands are given for illustration.

scholarly journals The MEDEA childhood asthma study design for mitigation of desert dust health effects: implementation of novel methods for assessment of air pollution exposure and lessons learned

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayiotis Kouis ◽  
Stefania I. Papatheodorou ◽  
Maria G. Kakkoura ◽  
Nicos Middleton ◽  
Emmanuel Galanakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Desert Dust ◽  
Exposure Reduction ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Abstract Background Desert dust events in Mediterranean countries, originating mostly from the Sahara and Arabian deserts, have been linked to climate change and are associated with significant increase in mortality and hospital admissions from respiratory causes. The MEDEA clinical intervention study in children with asthma is funded by EU LIFE+ program to evaluate the efficacy of recommendations aiming to reduce exposure to desert dust and related health effects. Methods This paper describes the design, methods, and challenges of the MEDEA childhood asthma study, which is performed in two highly exposed regions of the Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus and Greece-Crete. Eligible children are recruited using screening surveys performed at primary schools and are randomized to three parallel intervention groups: a) no intervention for desert dust events, b) interventions for outdoor exposure reduction, and c) interventions for both outdoor and indoor exposure reduction. At baseline visits, participants are enrolled on MEDena® Health-Hub, which communicates, alerts and provides exposure reduction recommendations in anticipation of desert dust events. MEDEA employs novel environmental epidemiology and telemedicine methods including wearable GPS, actigraphy, health parameters sensors as well as indoor and outdoor air pollution samplers to assess study participants’ compliance to recommendations, air pollutant exposures in homes and schools, and disease related clinical outcomes. Discussion The MEDEA study evaluates, for the first time, interventions aiming to reduce desert dust exposure and implement novel telemedicine methods in assessing clinical outcomes and personal compliance to recommendations. In Cyprus and Crete, during the first study period (February–May 2019), a total of 91 children participated in the trial while for the second study period (February–May 2020), another 120 children completed data collection. Recruitment for the third study period (February–May 2021) is underway. In this paper, we also present the unique challenges faced during the implementation of novel methodologies to reduce air pollution exposure in children. Engagement of families of asthmatic children, schools and local communities, is critical. Successful study completion will provide the knowledge for informed decision-making both at national and international level for mitigating the health effects of desert dust events in South-Eastern Europe. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03503812, April 20, 2018.

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